highlights the challenge of *public services* shifting to digital platforms, which creates a _digital divide_ due to gaps in internet infrastructure, digital literacy, disabilities, age, and economic capacity, so *governments* must address key aspects such as nationwide network availability including remote areas, service design that is accessible for the elderly and people with disabilities, digital literacy programs, maintaining non-digital alternatives, guaranteeing data security, and financing schemes to prevent internet costs from burdening low-income citizens, all measured through four dimensions of *equitable access*: availability, affordability, usability, and non-discrimination, while involving stakeholders from central and local government, telecom operators, to vulnerable community groups in the *digital era* for *all citizens*.

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