1. In general, lying, cheating, stealing, and murder are wrong because they harm others and undermine trust in society. However, there are extreme situations where such actions may be morally justified. For example, lying to protect someones life can be considered ethical. If a violent person is searching for someone to harm and asks you where they are, telling the truth would directly cause innocent suffering, so lying becomes the more moral choice. Similarly, stealing may be justified in a survival situation, such as a starving person taking food to stay alive. Even killing can be justified in self-defense if someone uses lethal force only to stop an immediate threat to their own life. In these cases, the intention is not cruelty or gain, but preserving life and preventing greater harm.
Another moral dilemma is whether it is acceptable to sacrifice one person to save many others, such as in the trolley problem. I would choose to save the greater number of people because it minimizes total loss of life. Although causing harm to one innocent person is tragic and morally uncomfortable, allowing five people to die when I could prevent it would create greater overall suffering. My decision is based on the idea that when harm is unavoidable, the most ethical choice is the one that reduces total damage and protects the most lives. This reflects a utilitarian approach, where consequences and human welfare are the most important factors in moral decisions.
2.In one of the mock Supreme Court cases we discussed, a student was suspended for wearing an armband in support of her boyfriend, who had been disciplined for wearing an inappropriate shirt. I would have voted in favor of the student and against the schools suspension. Students do have a First Amendment right to free expression, and wearing an armband is a peaceful, symbolic form of speech. While schools also have the authority to maintain order and an appropriate learning environment, this case did not involve disruption, threats, or obscenity. Therefore, when considering super-ceding rights, the students right to free expression outweighs the schools interest in suppressing a non-disruptive message. This reflects the principle that rights can conflict, but somelike core political or personal expressioncarry greater constitutional weight.
This case also shows that there is no absolute right, including free speech. The classic example is that you cannot falsely yell fire in a crowded movie theater because that speech creates immediate danger and panic. Schools likewise can limit speech that is disruptive, vulgar, or harmful. However, the presumption of constitutionality means that restrictions on rights must be justified, not assumed. In this situation, the school failed to show that the armband caused real disruption or harm, so the restriction on the students speech was not constitutionally justified. My vote therefore supports the idea that rights exist within limits, but peaceful expressionespecially about school disciplineshould be protected unless it clearly interferes with safety or education.
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