Week 5 Reflection Discussion

Post your major takeaway from this week’s content (3-4 sentences) by the due date. Include your text as a reference.

Factors that regulate cardiac output:

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• 1
• Determinants of cardiac output
• Cardiac output = Heart rate Stroke volume
• Heart rate
• Stroke volume
• Preload
• Afterload
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• 2
• Starling law of heart
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• 3
• The baroreceptor reflex
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• 4
• RAAS
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• 5
• Hypotension
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• Natriuretic peptides

Classification of Diuretics

Four (4) Major Categories

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• Loop
• 2
• 2
• Thiazide
• 3
• 3
• Osmotic

1. 4

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• Potassium-sparing: Two (2) subcategories

1. Aldosterone antagonists
2. Nonaldosterone antagonists

A fifth group of diuretics is carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

Category Medications

• Loop diuretics
• Furosemide (Lasix)
• Ethacrynic (Edecrin)
• Bumetadine (Burinex)
• Torsemide (Demadex)
• Osmotic
• Mannitol
• Thiazide
• Hydrochlorothiazide
• Potassium–sparing diuretics
• Spironolacton
• Amiloride

Types of Angiotensin

• Angiotensin I
• Angiotensin II
• Angiotensin III

Formation of angiotensin II by renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).

Regulation of blood pressure by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Tissue (local) angiotensin II production.

Medications

ACE Inhibitors

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• Benazepril
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• Captopril
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• Enalapril
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• Fosinopril
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• Lisinopril
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• Moexipril
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• Perindopirl
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• Quinapril
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• Ramipril
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• Trandolapril

ACE Combination medications are also used, such as ACE inhibitors combined with HCTZ.

Drug that interact with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors are:

• Diuretics
• Antihypertensive agents
• Drugs that raise potassium levels
• Lithium
• Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs

Calcium Channel Blockers are drugs that prevent calcium ions from entering cells. Calcium channel blockers have the greatest impact on heart and blood vessels. They are also known as calcium antagonists and slow channel blockers

Medications

Nondihydropyridines

• Verapamil
• Diltiazem

Dihydropyridines

• Nifedipine
• Amlodipine
• Felodipine
• Isradipine
• Nicardipine
• Nimodipine
• Nisoldipine

Vasodilators

Vasodilators act primarily on veins or arterioles, however they can act on both types of vessels.

Vasodilation can be produced with a variety of drugs and there are a wide variety of therapeutic applications.

How they work

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• Drugs that dilate resistance vessels (arterioles) cause a decrease in cardiac afterload.
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• Drugs that dilate capacitance vessels (veins) reduce the force with which blood is returned to the heart, thus reducing preload.

Two broad categories of hypertension

Primary (essential) hypertension

• No identifiable cause
• Chronic, progressive disorder
• Population: Older adults, African Americans, postmenopausal women
• Treated but not cured (lifelong condition)
• Referred to as essential hypertension

Secondary hypertension

• Identifiable primary cause
• Possible to treat the cause directly
• Some individuals can actually be cured

Consequences of Hypertension

• Heart disease
• Myocardial infarction (MI)
• Heart failure
• Angina pectoris
• Kidney disease
• Stroke