Hematology & Cardiovascular
Lifestyle Factors as Shared Etiologic Drivers of Cardiovascular and Hematologic Disease.
Poor dietary habits, smoking, obesity, and stress have been identified as lifestyle factors that contribute significantly to the onset of both hematologic and Cardiovascular Diseases. These aspects have systemic effects that interfere with vascular integrity, distort coagulation pathways, and interfere with oxygen delivery (Raheli et al., 2024). Cardiovascular and hematologic systems are closely interrelated thus, injuries, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, tend to manifest themselves in both domains (Raheli et al., 2024). APNs have the opportunity to recognize these adjustable risks at an early stage, inform patients about them based on the evidence-based strategies, and take preventive measures that can diminish morbidity and mortality in the long term.
Pathophysiologic Processes that Impact Vascular Integrity and Coagulation.
Poor diets with a high level of saturated fats and refined sugars are known to favour hyperlipidemia, which in turn causes the development of endothelial rupture and atherosclerotic plaque formation (Schmidt-Trucksss et al., 2024). Smoking increases the speed at which oxidative stress occurs and decreases the availability of nitric oxide, leading to the hindrance of the vasodilation process and platelet hyperactivity (Raheli et al., 2024). Obesity also leads to a long-lasting pro-inflammatory condition that is characterized by increased levels of cytokines like interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, which cause damage to vascular endothelium and thrombogenesis (Kajikawa & Higashi, 2022). Chronic stress stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (Raheli et al., 2024), which raises the levels of cortisol and catecholamine, which raise blood pressure, interfere with glucose metabolism, and platelet aggregation, making the heart susceptible to cardiovascular diseases.
Effects on Oxygen Tissues and Hematology.
The same lifestyle aspects also affect the delivery of oxygen by changing the production and functioning of red blood cells. The deficiency of nutrient-poor diets may cause anemia due to the deficiency of iron (Turner et al., 2023), vitamin B12, or folate that will cause a low oxygen-carrying capacity. The carbon monoxide levels are augmented by smoking and make hemoglobin less responsive to oxygen, causing compensatory polycythemia (Sotiridis et al., 2025). The further worsening of hypoxemia is caused by the presence of obesity-related hypoventilation and obstructive sleep apnea, which causes the production of red blood cells under the influence of erythropoietin (Kajikawa & Higashi, 2022). Obesity-related chronic inflammation and stress-related anemia of chronic disease is caused by interference with iron utilization and inhibition of erythropoiesis.
Thromboembolism and Hematologic.
Endothelial injury and inflammation caused by lifestyle are predisposing factors to thromboembolic disorders. Venous thromboembolism is closely linked to smoking and obesity as a result of elevated blood viscosity, hyperactivity of platelets, and a decline in fibrinolysis (Zawadzka et al., 2025). An increase in fibrinogen during chronic stress and in metabolic syndrome also increases the formation of clots. These factors intersect with the cardiovascular pathology, hence the association between coronary artery disease, stroke, and the presence of a hematologic process such as polycythemia and hypercoagulable state (Kaddoura et al., 2025). These cumulative factors pose a great risk for the development of a life-threatening condition such as myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism.
Evidence-Based Lifestyle Interventions
There is strong evidence that lifestyle modification is a key pillar of the prevention of cardiovascular and hematologic disorders. Food habits like the Mediterranean diet lower inflammation, enhance lipid levels, and maintain sufficient levels of micronutrients. Quitting smoking has a rapid effect of improving the endothelial performance and decreasing the risk of thrombosis (Raheli et al., 2024). Exercise improves the levels of insulin sensitivity, oxygenation, and inflammation markers. Cortisol levels and blood pressure are reduced using strategies of stress reduction, such as mindfulness and cognitive-behavioral interventions (Babak et al., 2022).
The Role of the Advanced Practice Nurse
Mindful interviewing (MI) is an evidence-based and patient-centered communication model enhancing intrinsic motivation through assisting patients to explore and overcome resistance to change, which is crucial towards adoption and sustainability of healthier lifestyles (Oikarinen et al., 2024). Literature indicates that nurse-led counseling enhanced by motivational interviewing and behavior-change strategies contributes to better patients’ engagement, achievement of set goals, and healthy behavior such as improved nutrition, regular physical activity, and smoking cessation (Oikarinen et al., 2024). Continued interaction between the APN and the patient enables follow-up reinforcement of the progress, re-evaluation of the impediments, and modernization of personalized approaches that lead to a lasting behavioral change and improved clinical outcomes.
References
Babak, A., Motamedi, N., Mousavi, S. Z., & Ghasemi Darestani, N. (2022). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on blood pressure, mental health, and quality of life in hypertensive adult women: A randomized clinical trial study. Journal of Tehran Heart Center, 17(3), 127133.
Kaddoura, R., Ahmed, D., Rudwan, A., Elyas, A., & Yassin, M. A. (2025). Acute coronary syndrome in essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera. Heart Views, 26(3), 175187.
Kajikawa, M., & Higashi, Y. (2022). Obesity and endothelial function. Biomedicines, 10(7), 1745.
Oikarinen, A. K., et al. (2024). Nurses’ experiences of competence in lifestyle counselling with adult patients in healthcare settings: A qualitative systematic literature review. Journal of Clinical Nursing.
Raheli, V., Perkovi, T., Romi, L., Perkovi, P., Klobuar, S., Pavi, E., & Raheli, D. (2024). The role of behavioral factors on chronic diseasesPractice and knowledge gaps. Healthcare, 12(24), 2520.
Schmidt-Trucksss, A., Lichtenstein, A. H., & Von Knel, R. (2024). Lifestyle factors as determinants of atherosclerotic cardiovascular health. Atherosclerosis, 395, 117577.
Sotiridis, A., Dardamanis-Aidonas, C., Makris, A., Loukas, I., Geladas, N., & Koskolou, M. (2025). Tobacco smoking: A stimulus for blood volume expansion. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 339, 104505.
Turner, J., Parsi, M., & Badireddy, M. (2023, August 8). Anemia. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
Zawadzka, P. S., Imiela, A. M., & Pruszczyk, P. (2025). The Interplay Between Obesity and Venous Thromboembolism: From Molecular Aspects to Clinical Issue. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(21), 10292.
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