The impact of partial privatization on healthcare service efficiency, outcomes and workforce burnout in a semiprivate institution: A management and policy perspective in eastern province in Saudi Arabia
H0 – Partial privatization does not significantly improve healthcare service efficiency or outcomes, Nore does it significantly affect workforce burnout.
Ha- Partial privatization significantly improves healthcare service efficiency and outcomes and significantly affects workforce burnout in a semi-private healthcare institution
Appendix 3. Standard Layout Format Title page Declaration Foreword (Acknowledgement) Table of contents List of Tables List of Figures List of acronyms (NOTE: if needed) Executive Summary 1. Introduction 1,1, Background of the Problem 1.2. Background of the Study 2. Objectives of the Study 2.1. Chapter Introduction 2.2. Problem Statement 2.3. Objectives of the Study 2.4. Research Question 2.5. Hypothesis Statement(s) 2.6. Additional Research Questions (if needed) 2.8. Limitations. 2.9. Chapter Conclusion 3. Literature review 3.1. Chapter Introduction 3.2. ………..Subchapters as needed for textbook information, articles, empirical research 3.X. Summary of Key Points 4. Collection of Primary Dara 4.1. Chapter introduction 4.2. Research design 4.2.1. Research Paradigm 4.2.2 Conceptual framework 4.2.3. Design of the Research Instrument 4.2.4. Population and Sample 4.2.5. Sampling Technique 4.3. Research Execution 4.4. Descriptive Statistics 4.4.1. Respondent Descriptive Statistics 4.2.2. Descriptive Analysis of Data 4.5. Chapter Conclusion 5. Analysis and Conclusions 5.1. Chapter Introduction 5.2. Hypothesis Testing 5.3. Interim Conclusion 6. Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1. Chapter Introduction 6.2. Summary of Findings 6.2.1. Summary of Secondary Research 6.2.2. Summary of Primary Research 6.3. Overall Conclusion 6.4. Recommendations Masters Thesis Handbook 22 6.5. Areas for future research 6.6. Lessons Learned 6.7. Ethical Considerations 6.8. SDG Implications Glossary (NOTE: If needed) References Appendix 1. Thesis Approval Form Appendix 2. Blank Questionnaire Additional appendices as needed Masters Thesis Handbook 23 Appendix 4. Citations and References SBS cites using the American Psychological Association (APA) format. This section is a short summary of citation and referencing techniques. When in doubt, consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th ed. Reference citations in the text. General guidance. In principle, citations are embedded in the text and show up to three bits of information: The authors surname (family name). The year of publication (latest edition). Page numbers (for quotes and specific facts or statements). Without page numbers. For example, the citation includes the author and year in an indirect, general reference. This may be a parenthetical citation… A recent study (Jones & Chan, 1995) has shown a series of outcomes that result from economic hardship in the community. …or with the author’s name as part of the narrative… In a recent study, Jones and Chan (1995) have shown a series of outcomes that result from economic hardship in the community. …or the citation may appear at the end of the cited text… A recent study has shown a series of outcomes resulting from economic hardship in a community (Jones & Chan, 1995). With page numbers. In paraphrased text containing specific facts and figures, page numbers can be used for clarity. For a parenthetical citation… A recent study (Jones & Chan, 1995) has shown a series of outcomes which result from economic hardship in the community (p. 45). …or with the author’s name as part of the narrative… In a recent study, Jones and Chan (1995) have shown a series of outcomes which result from economic hardship in the community (p. 45). A single page is abbreviated as p. A reference extending over several pages is abbreviated as pp. The word “and” is written out as part of the narrative but is expressed as an ampersand (&) in a parenthetical citation. References. Masters Thesis Handbook 24 General guidance. All sources referenced in the text must be listed as references at the end of the thesis. In principle, a standard reference entry includes: Author’s last name, Initial(s). (Year). Title in Italics (Edition*). Publication Data. *Only if not the first edition. Alternatively, if a source has been located from the Internet the format is changed to: Author’s last name, Initial(s). (Year). Title in Italics (Edition). Retrieval data. URLs Long website addresses should be split at punctuation marks to properly display in the reference. No date of retrieval is required in APA style unless the source material may change over time. Hanging indents. In APA, the second line or lines of the reference is indented (hanging indent) 1.25 cm. Basic Citation and References Examples. The following examples are intended for quick reference. For detailed guidance, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). For quick guidance consult apa.org. 1. Books 1.1 Books – One Author Citation format: ….. Author (year) or …..(Author, year) References format for a print version: Author, A.A. (Year). Title of work. Publisher. References format for an electronic edition of a print book: Author, A.A. (Year). Title of work [Version i.e Audiobook]. http://www.xxxxxxx References format for an electronic-only book: Author, A.A. (Year). Title of work. http://www.xxxxxxx NOTE: In the print format, the entry ends with a period after the publisher. In a book retrieved from the Internet, no period is placed after the website. 1.2 Books – Two Authors For two authors, the order of the authors’ names is not changed from the original publication. In the reference, each name is separated by a comma: Citation format: …..Author and Author (year) Masters Thesis Handbook 25 or …..(Author & Author, year) References format: Author, A.A. & Author, B.B. (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher. Special provisions apply for books (and other sources) with three or more authors. Refer to the APA style guide for the use of et al. 1.3 Books – Subsequent Editions No change is made in the citation. In the reference, the edition number (e.g. 2nd ed. or 3rd ed.) is given in non-italic format in parenthesis after the book title. References format: Author, A.A. (Year). Title of work (ed.). Publisher. 1.4 Books – Sections/Chapters of Edited Books The name of the author and the year appear in the citation. In the reference, the chapter name is not italicized. The editor’s name is listed with the book title. References format: Author, A.A. (Year). Chapter title. In E.E. Editor (Ed.) Title of book (pp. xx-xx). Publisher. 1.5 Special Situations 1.5.1 Author unknown. APA does not use “anonymous/anon” if the author is not known, unless the source cited uses the word Anonymous. If a work has no identified author, use the first few words of the reference entry (usually the title) and the year in the citation. The name of a book would be in italics. Place the name of all other publications in quotation marks. If the entry is an article, use the first few words from the article title and the year, and place in quotation marks in the citation. 1.5.2 Date of publication unknown. If the date of publication is unknown, use the abbreviation n.d. for no date. For websites, the latest date a page is updated may be used as the publication date. 2. Journals In journals, the name of the article is written normally, and the name of the publication and volume number are written in italics. If there is an issue number, it is not italicized. General format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume, page(s). or Author, A.A., Author, B.B. & Author, C.C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, Masters Thesis Handbook 26 Volume, page(s). http://www.xxxxxxx Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns in the article title. Capitalize the journal name as in the original document. The abbreviation “vol” is not needed, nor is “p.” or pp.” before the page number. Example: Social Science Quarterly, 8, 508-525. If an issue number is available, include it after the volume in parenthesis: Social Science Quarterly, 84(2), 508-525. 3. Newspapers and Magazines 3.1. Author Known Citation format: ….. Author (year) or …..(Author, year) References format: Author, A.A. (Year, Month, Day). Title of article. Title of Publication. or Author, A.A. (Year, Month, Day). Title of article. Title of Publication.http://www.lllllllll 3.2 Author unknown Use the title of the article as the “author” in the reference. Use a shortened version (key words) of the title in the citation. For example: Citation format: …(“Six Sites Meet,” 2006)… References format: Six sites meet for comprehensive anti-gang initiative conference. (2006, November/ December). OJJDP News @ a Glance. http://www.ncjrs.gov/ html/ojjdg/news_at_a_glance/216684/topstory.html 4. Online Content and Websites APA style requires that online sources be treated in the same ways as print sources for both citation and the references. Any missing information, such as page numbers, is omitted. This means looking for an author, article/document title and date. The previous example, 3.2 Author unknown, provides a correct reference for article material pulled from a website. In some instances, a companys website is treated as the author and the title of the webpage is treated as the name of a book. If no specific date of publication is given, attempt to determine the last update of the website/page. If no date, use (n.d.). If there are multiple (n.d.) entries from a Masters Thesis Handbook 27 website, then use small letters to clearly identify the reference (n.d.-a) in both the citation and references. Citation format: Greenpeace (2011) or (Greenpeace, 2011) References entry: Greenpeace. (2011). The future is GM free. http://www.greenpeace.org/gm/farming/ canola.html 5. Other 5.1 Interviews Interviews, in person or by telephone, conducted as part of your own original research, are considered primary sources, and not listed in the references. Include a transcript of the interview or interview notes as an attachment, including the date and location of the interview. In-text reference: During an interview with Dr. Max Smith (Appendix 3)… 5.2 Personal communication Reference to informal personal communication, either in person or by telephone, e-mail, text message, online chats, live speeches, personal interviews, or letters, must be supported by as much detail as possible. This form of citation is used when the source cannot be recovered. In-text reference: R. K. OSullivan (personal communication, April 18, 2003) or (R. K. OSullivan, personal communication, April 18, 2003) References entry: None personal communication is not included in the references. 5.3 Doctoral dissertations and master’s theses Italicize the title of a doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis. Identify the work as such in square brackets after the title. Author, A.A. (Year). Title [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Institution. 5.4 Lecture notes Italicize the title of the lecture. Identify the work as lecture notes in brackets after the date. The brackets indicate a description of the topic: Author, A.A. (Year, Month, Day) [Lecture notes on sustainability]. Institution. Masters Thesis Handbook 28 Appendix 5. Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting Copying the work of any author without giving proper credit is plagiarism. The normal method of referring to the work of another author or source in your thesis is to summarize the original information. Consider the following text from Robbins, S.A. and Judge, T.A., 2007. Organizational Behavior 12th Ed. Pearson Prentice-Hall, pg. 79: The term job satisfaction can be defined as a positive feeling about ones job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics. A person with a high level of job satisfaction holds positive feelings about the job, while a person who is dissatisfied holds negative feelings about the job. When people speak of employee attitudes, more often than not they mean job satisfaction. In fact, the two are frequently used interchangeably Summarizing A summary is a properly referenced/cited, shortened version in your own words of another writers ideas. It is normally approximately one-third the length of the original document. No opinions, individual thoughts, or your ideas are included in the summary. An example from the text above could be: According to Robbins and Judge (2007), job satisfaction is an employees feeling or attitude following an evaluation of the tasks and structure of the job (p. 79*). *Page numbers are not always required for summarized text. If the summarized text refers to a specific idea, figure, table, or equation contained in another work, and/or the work has a long or complicated text, the page number can help an interested reader locate the information more easily in the cited source. Quoting A quote is a word, words, sentence, or sentences, which are copied from a source. There are two types of quotes. Short quotes or 39 words or less are put in quotation marks. Quotes of 40 words or longer are indented in the text as a block quote. Both must contain the page number. As an example of a short quote: Considerable work has been done on the study of job satisfaction in the workplace. Robbins and Judge (2007) define job satisfaction as a positive feeling about ones job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics (p. 79). Other authors take a simpler view of the subject. As an example of a block quote: Considerable work has been done on the study of job satisfaction in the workplace. Masters Thesis Handbook 29 The term job satisfaction can be defined as a positive feeling about ones job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics. A person with a high level of job satisfaction holds positive feelings about the job, while a person who is dissatisfied holds negative feelings about the job. When people speak of employee attitudes, more often than not they mean job satisfaction. In fact, the two are frequently used interchangeably. (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. 79) Other authors take a simpler view of the subject. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is the process of changing another writers words into your own words. It is longer than a short summary. But be careful. Merely changing one word is plagiarism. Duplicating the paragraph structure and the sentence structure within a paragraph is plagiarism. As a rule of thumb, five or more words identical to the original source is plagiarism. As an example of proper paraphrasing: Robbins and Judge (2007) state that job satisfaction is a positive feeling based on an evaluation of the tasks and structure of the job. People with positive feelings about their job are normally described as having high job satisfaction levels; people with negative feelings normally have low job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is often referred to in terms on employee attitudes (p.79). Page numbers are not always required for paraphrased text. As noted above, if the paraphrased text refers to a specific idea contained in another work, and the work has a long or complicated text, the page number can help an interested reader locate the passage more easily. Masters Thesis Handbook 30 Appendix 6. Survey Preparation and Analysis Survey Preparation The first task in preparing your survey is to develop a sampling plan. Kotler and Kellar (2012, p. 129), break the task into three parts: Determine the sampling unit (who). Determine the sample size (how many). Determine the sampling method (when, where, and how). As discussed earlier, your goal is to develop a sampling plan which returns questionnaires from 50 respondents. Exceptions based on the topic selected must be discussed with your mentor and, if needed, get the approval of the Academic Dean. Your survey questionnaire should consist of three main areas: Demographic information. Questions are designed to provide the statistics needed to accept or reject your null hypothesis. Open-ended questions for free-text input. The demographic information should allow you to look for and evaluate variance in answers based on age, gender, education, income, national origin, etc. The demographic questions may be placed at either the questionnaire’s beginning or end. An excellent description of the techniques for constructing the questions can be found in your Marketing textbooks. For example, the Kotler and Kellar textbook has guidelines on question types in Table 4.1 (Kotler & Kellar, 2012, p. 127), and a list of dos and donts in question wording (p.126). In general, closed-end questions allow you to develop statistics to produce graphs and to test your hypothesis. A seven-step Likert-type scale (strongly disagree, disagree, somewhat disagree, neither agree or disagree, somewhat agree, agree, strongly agree) is a common tool. Remember, however, that you need to consider that some questions may not apply to all of your survey participants. Ensure that you include a way for your respondents to skip questions that do not apply. As a reminder, the questionnaire is an appendix to the thesis. Verbal and graphical analysis of the questions in the survey is included as an intermediate analysis. Type of Data Produced Stevens (1946) proposed a classification measurement scheme using qualitative and quantitative data. Masters Thesis Handbook 31 Nominal data. Nominal data is data that can be counted. In the survey, the number of men or women in the demographic data information can be counted, as can the number of respondents who selected one of the seven answers on a Likert-type scale. Measure of central tendency: Mode. Variability: Frequencies (percentage). Graphical representation: Histogram (bar chart) or pie chart. Analysis: Visual comparison. Ordinal data. Ordinal data is data that can be rank-ordered. The relative number of respondents to each ranked question can be examined in the survey. The measure of central tendency: Median or mode. Variability: Percentiles. Graphical representation: Five-number summary (box plot). Analysis: Chi-square measure of association, Kendall Tau B, and Kendall Tau C. Interval data. Interval data is quantitative data on a fixed scale (e.g., IQ). In the survey, mathematical values can be applied to the seven points on the Likert scale (e.g., From strongly disagree = 1 to strongly agree = 7). Measure of central tendency: mode, median, and arithmetic mean. Variability: Standard deviation. Analysis: Rank-order correlation and product-moment correlation, ANOVA, t-test, regression. Ratio data. Ratio data is based on a fixed zero-point (e.g., weight, height, and time). Measure of central tendency: Geometric mean. Variability: Range and standard deviation. Analysis: Coefficient of variation. Analysis The conclusions from the survey should follow the standard five-steps in testing a hypothesis (Mason, Lind, & Marchal, 1986, p. 401): Step 1. State the null and alternative test hypotheses. Step 2. Select a level of significance. Step 3. Identify the test statistic. Step… [Content truncated to 3000 words]
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