Outline with annotated bibliography

Today’s session will deal exclusively with the assignment, the outline, with annotated bibliography.
This is the last assignment that will be due before the spring break.
And, I wanted to cover what,
What kind of a format, what kind of content should be included in this assignment?
So you should be seeing right now the screen with the instructions posted on it.
The first thing it suggests is to review the examples of good and bad annotated bibliographies.
After I discuss a little bit about what the content of the bibliography should be.
I’m going to refer back to an example of a good bibliography so that you can make note of the format and of the content that was included in there.
So, in the instructions, it says to create an outline
For this assignment, for your paper.
You will provide an annotated bibliography for the introduction.
For the literature review.
The body and discussion.
So those should be the items that are in your outline. And for each of those different items, you will include a list of references that you believe you will be using
for that section of your paper. So that mimics or parallels what your final research paper should look like, and right now gives you an idea as to the references that should be included within those sections.
So… it… I do…
ask you to follow the template for the outline. I’m not going to go to that page right now, because I want to actually show you that in practice when I take a look at the example of a good bibliography.
It’s much easier to see it, in practice and try to imitate it than to read the template and try to follow it blindly.
You should have…
For number 2, no less than 10 sources for your paper at this point in time, alright? At this stage of writing, you should have at least 10 possible references.
These should be the 10 best references that you have found so far.
So, if you did a database search for references, and you pulled 20 references.
Out of those 20, did 10 look to you as though they looked really, really good? Make sure and use those. Don’t use references that you know offhand you’re not going to be using later on.
So, try to get at least those 10.
At this stage of writing.
When you finish your paper, you’re…
Introduction and your literature review section alone should have at least 10 references.
Right? They tend to be reference-heavy sections of the paper. And then the rest of the paper, the body of your paper, should have at least another 10 references for the rest of your paper. Okay, so right now, this is an exercise to start building that bibliography that you’re going to be using.
Students sometimes wonder, am I going to be required to use these references if I cite them here?
Well, if you believe that they’re good, it’s likely that you’re going to be using them.
But as you find other references, maybe you find some that are better, or you decide that the one that you started off with doesn’t really fit in so well, and you might want to remove it.
But by now, you should have a pretty good idea as to whether or not you’re going to be using it.
So, for those 10 references, I’m indicating here that none of them should be a website.
Amp.
By that, I’m usually referring to some sort of a blog website, or company website, or some sort of website that
provides advocacy for a particular topic, for a particular issue, a particular solution, a particular strategy. The reason being, a lot of that tends to be very biased. It’s already
Telling you that this is good, this is something that they favor, and they may not provide a very good critical review of the material.
Also, some websites publish material, but they don’t indicate the references, they don’t provide a method for how that information that they’re citing in that website, was achieved, and so you…
may not be able to tell whether or not it is accurate information, false information, misrepresented information, mistaken information. So, I’m asking everybody to try to use those published sources that you’ve been doing your database searches for.
There are exceptions.
There are sources of government databases, for example, census information, or you might go to a location where there are credible, database sources.
If you are not sure whether or not a particular source is suitable, if it’s not a published journal.
please contact me, and I can double check and verify whether or not that would be an acceptable type of reference.
I also indicate to limit the number of encyclopedia or dictionary entries that you provide.
Encyclopedias can be useful tools to start your, kind of, search for Information on a particular topic.
But you really need to go to first, first case studies, or, you know, first initial primary research type of papers that provide documentation. An encyclopedia will point you in the direction of types of research that have been conducted, but they themselves are not, the primary source of that research.
In addition, dictionaries provide a very
Kind of, decontextualized definition for concepts or ideas
And what you want to do is you want to get definitions or descriptions of concepts as they have been operationalized. In other words, contextualized to a particular type of
Research question, or research issue, or problem that you’re looking at.
So research papers, typically, what they do is they operationalize a concept. This is how it is being defined.
For the purpose of this research paper, instead of dictionary definitions, which are taken out of context.
The majority of resources should be primary sources. Good example of that are case studies. Basically, what I’m looking for is data-driven references.
I want to see data used as evidence, and so that means a research paper that has conducted some sort of research to assess the effectiveness of a particular strategy on addressing a particular issue.
It identifies the method it used, it identifies the data that was produced as a result, and then provides an interpretation of the significance of that particular result. So that’s the type of research paper that should be your primary, kind of go-to.
You can use secondary sources. Secondary sources sometimes combine multiple case studies together to kind of come up with an analysis of a trend or a particular… in support of a particular argument.
But they themselves have not conducted the research. They’re referring you to somebody else who has done that research.
And if you do use secondary sources, sometimes it is helpful to take a look at those primary sources that are cited in that secondary source to get a little bit more information with regard to how
The particular data was obtained, what kinds of questions might have been raised, to get a little bit more information about that.
So again, sort of a bottom line here, data-driven type of papers.
Some students
like to read conceptual or theoretical papers. These papers might suggest a particular framework for looking at certain issues, certain problems, or make recommendations based on theoretical or hypothetical situations, coming up with models of different things.
And, these are not data-driven.
articles. These are articles that are suggesting something could possibly be a good thing, okay? And as a result, what these articles do very often is mainly argue
a particular position, more or less the way that you’re arguing for a particular position. You cannot provide supporting evidence by pointing to the fact that somebody else is making the same argument that you are.
Right? So you want to have, essentially, data-driven publications, and you’re going to be using the data, the findings from that data, and the interpretation of the results of the analysis of that data to support your arguments.
If you’re not sure what kind of a source you’re looking at, you can send me a message, and I’ll take a look at it, and let you know if it can be used, and if it can be used, and under which conditions.
could it be used? So it’s not necessarily saying these cannot be used absolutely, but they must be used in the correct context, and for the right purpose.
Right? Number four, this should be, obvious, but pick one standard citation format and use it consistently throughout the paper.
Use it… use the same citation format to cite your references within the text, in-text citation format, bibliographic format.
It should all be consistent. Don’t be switching around and use one type of citation format for citing your references within the text, and then use a different one in the bibliography. Definitely do not use different types of citation formats in one single bibliography.
And number 5, perhaps the thing that I will most be taking a look at over here, is the content of your annotation within the annotated bibliography.
And so, what you’ll be doing is writing both a summary, of the source.
And also, an evaluation of the validity of that source.
Why it is considered valid, And more importantly, perhaps, its usefulness to you in writing this particular paper.
So, in order to indicate the validity of the source, one of the things that you can do is indicate whether the reference is peer-reviewed. Peer-reviewed journal articles
tend to be more valid, more credible, because they’ve been reviewed by a board of experts. It’s not just somebody publishing to an online journal, or having just one person review their paper, but it is an entire board
Of experts who must review it and determine that, yes, this does correspond to what we currently believe to be
The, credible science behind all of this information.
And let you go ahead.
If it’s not peer-reviewed, at least indicate if it’s primary or a secondary source. So, a primary source article that is data-driven, that documents the method that was used, the data that was developed, the analysis, and the results of that analysis.
Can be valid, especially if it’s a credible journal.
It may not necessarily be peer-reviewed, but that is more credible than a secondary source journal that is not peer-reviewed.
Secondary sources that are not review… peer-reviewed can pull together a wide variety of information that has not been very credibly
looked into, investigated to check for their validity, and then they write something, and it could possibly lead you down some wrong trails. So, that’s something to avoid.
If you’re not sure what your source is, again, please consult with me, and I can take a look at it. And again, as I said before, in some cases, it might be alright to use that particular article.
Summarize the content of the source.
This does not mean copy and paste the abstract.
This means looking through the abstract and looking through… now you need to have read through the article, not just the abstract. Read through the entire paper.
What was the purpose of that article? What was that specific article trying to do? What was it testing? What was it trying to uncover? What was its purpose?
What were some of the main or major findings and the methods they used to obtain those findings?
This very typically is covered in an abstract, but as I said, do not copy-paste the abstract. You need to read it, understand it, provide your own interpretation, and write it down to submit it here.
The last part is also very important. This is where you take a look at that paper, and if there is something in that paper that you believe is going to be useful to you in your paper.
Because it’s either going to support an argument, it’s going to provide background for the issues that you’re looking at, or it’s going to illustrate how significant an issue it is that you’re addressing, or the fact that that solution is significant, okay?
That’s what you need to include here. That’s going to match with whatever section of the paper you’re going to use that reference for.
Right? So, describe… In that section of your outline, the source…
And how it will be used
In that particular section of the paper.
If you have a particular article that you believe will be useful in multiple sections of your paper, then indicate what about it is useful for
The different sections of the paper that you will be using.
For example, if it’s good to provide background, then do not use it to support an argument, necessarily.
or if it’s very useful in demonstrating the significance, that might be useful in the introduction, but it might also be useful in later on in a discussion section. So you need to differentiate the usefulness of
Article, if you’re going to be using the same article, with regard to how it fits into different sections of your paper.
So I’m gonna talk briefly about The format… okay.
I’m going to show you how it should be written.
I want to make, again, a very strong, if not repetitive, point.
over here, I want this to be written by you.
Right? I do not want an AI-generated annotated bibliography.
And should I get a paper that is flagged as being significantly AI-generated content, I will call… I will ask you to send me a message to schedule
online Zoom office meeting to discuss why it got flagged.
Right? I have made several recommendations using tools such as the Google Docs version history.
the Word document using track changes.
To document the different edits that you made to show that you yourself wrote this paper.
If… It is impossible to tell after our discussion via Zoom I will have to refer
the paper to the SCAI, the Student Conduct and Academic Integrity Office, and they will have to review it.
Because it takes so long for them to do this, I need to do this as soon as possible.
And that is why I’m asking for an immediate 3-day return of my message, should your paper be flagged, and should I not be able to resolve the issue with you.
All right? So, please make sure and do everything you can, to demonstrate that this is your own work.
Should you ever be flagged for this, okay? So, I know I’m being repetitive throughout the semester, but it is important to remind you.
So let’s take a look at a good… an example of a good bibliography.
And so you see the outline here of the introduction.
You have the body.
With the different sub-arguments.
Okay, and then you have the counter-argument.
And… For the body, you have sub-argument 1, and you have the actual sub-argument
That is going to be presented here.
And you do that for sub-argument 2, sub-argument 3,
If you have a sub-argument for, do it there, or for the counter-argument, what that counter-argument would be.
Don’t just leave it sub-argument 1, and don’t write an entire paragraph or multiple sentences. This should be a very straightforward sub-argument.
So you have the introduction, and this is pretty much the layout. You’ve got something that is very clearly the first reference over here.
And it’s a full reference, full citation. The same citation, format is used throughout the annotated bibliography and the paper.
And, it comes in here, this journal article introduces a broad range of sustainability goals and targets created throughout the years.
May they address the Planetary Boundaries Concept Module?
All right? The source is useful for creating a wider context to the particular solution for creating more sustainable cities. So it’s indicating, kind of the general
application of this particular article for the paper.
It provides evidence creating more sustainable cities can sustainably remain, I’m sorry, sustainable cities can successfully help society.
Remain within the planetary boundaries.
It is a primary
source. It has… it introduces the methodology, the resources that they used to create that study.
Does not appear to be a peer-reviewed journal, but it is a primary source, and so for that reason, they demonstrate credibility.
I also take a look here at that particular journal, Ambio, a journal of the human environment, and I am extremely familiar with that particular journal, and I know how credible it is. It’s a good, journal, and so I say that’s… that’s good.
Okay? I’m able to follow the link that is provided and read the article should I have some more questions about it.
Also, another thing to do is take a look at the dates. In your database searches, most of you limited your search to the last 10 years. There might have been a couple of you who did an unlimited search, but most of you did limit it to some degree. That is good.
However, you might find that there might be an article that all articles refer to, and it was written maybe 20, 30 years ago, and yet every single article seems to point to that particular reference. That means that is a key reference
in that particular field. And, in cases such as that, it is…
It is possible that you might want to go and take a look at that particular article, and maybe use it yourself in your particular article as well.
There might be other historical,
journals, also, or articles that might be useful to you. They should not be used to demonstrate what the current knowledge is in the field.
But they do serve a purpose for creating some sort of a historical context for a particular issue.
a particular topic that you might be addressing. So sometimes those old articles are acceptable, But,
when I do see an older article, I will take a look at it and try to see whether… how it’s being used, and if it’s being used appropriately.
You organize this alphabetically, and so here in the introduction, you start with an H, you go to a K.
Sub-argument number one, green infrastructure drastically reduces air temperature and air pollution within cities. Okay, I got that.
And…
the same thing comes up. Okay, this is not… when I read this, this is not what is written in the abstract. This is written by somebody who has reviewed the article and is providing their own summary of that article.
With a particular focus with regard to how that article will fit into the paper that they are writing.
And they’re trying to elaborate whether or not the source is valid or credible.
And, again, if you use a peer-reviewed article, the fact that it is peer-reviewed by itself helps to make it… [Content truncated to 3000 words]

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