Is the mother essential for attachment

1. Explain why the authors claim that attachment theory is culturally biased (ethnocentric).

2. Explain what the authors mean by monotropy in attachment theory.

3. What conditions must be met, according to them, for monotropic attachment to development? Why is that model typical of WEIRD countries?

4. What are the consequences of applying attachment theory to different cultural settings?

5. Explain the authors argument that, from an evolutionary perspective, alloparenting is typical of the human condition. Why do they say that, [i]f the task of raising children would have been the sole responsibility of the biological mother, humankind would not have survived.

6. Why do the authors claim that Bowlbys monotropic conception of attachment, based on rhesus monkeys, misrepresents primate parenting behavior?

7. Explain why for most women who are not in an affluent situation child care is organized as a co-occurring activity.

8. What are the benefits of alloparenting for the mother, the infant, and for alloparents?

9. Describe the conditions that make multiple caregiving beneficial versus the conditions where it becomes social neglect.

10. Provide examples of different cultural arrangements of multiple caregiving, such as, the varying roles of multiple caretakers, when the biological mother is not the primary attachment figure, alloparenting based on fictive kinship, grandparents, siblings, and fathersyou will be asked to describe a couple of those situations and the role of alloparents in attachment.

11. Explain how the cradles of care (2×2) model accounts for diverse of child care conditions. Describe each of the four possibilities and the populations in which they were observed.

12. Explain how the cradles of care model allow researchers to disentangle these two dimension of child care, the attention the child receives and the attention (focus) given by a caregiver.

13. Explain why the Western conception of attachment is based on the notion of mind-mindednes, as opposed to the opacity doctrine found in non-western cultures.

14. Explain the difference between defining security and trust based on an exclusive dyadic relationship or embodied in a social network. Explain the authors claim that the socialization agenda depends on the model of personhood of a cultural community and describe the different models of personhood in western and non-western cultures.

15. Explain what the authors mean by saying that universality and cultural specificity are profoundly intertwined and discuss how that is so across the five core assumptions of attachment theory (universality, normativity, sensitivity, child-rearing patterns, and competency).