ethics

A patient presents to the community pharmacy with a new 7-day Norco prescription from the emergency department for acute pain. When I check MAPS, there is no prior opioid history. The pharmacy manager suggests telling the patient that we do not carry Norco because the patient appears nervous and edgy. This situation creates an ethical dilemma because I must balance patient safety, opioid risk, honesty, and my professional responsibility as a pharmacist. I need to decide whether to follow the managers suggestion or approach the situation in a way that aligns with ethical pharmacy practice.

The first step is to gather the relevant facts and clearly identify the ethical problem. The patient has a valid prescription and no documented opioid use history, but opioids still carry risks such as misuse, diversion, and overdose. As a pharmacist, I have a duty to assess the appropriateness of the prescription while also making sure the patients pain is addressed. Denying the medication based only on how the patient appears raises concerns about fairness and bias, especially when there is no evidence suggesting misuse. This situation involves key bioethical principles including beneficence by supporting pain management, nonmaleficence by preventing harm, justice by treating the patient fairly, and autonomy by respecting the patients role in their care.1 There are also legal and professional expectations to consider, since pharmacists must verify controlled substance prescriptions and use clinical judgment when dispensing. At the same time, the Code of Ethics for Pharmacists emphasizes honesty, patient dignity, and commitment to patient welfare, which makes deception ethically inappropriate.2

When thinking through possible actions, there are several options. One option is to verify the prescription and proceed with dispensing if it is clinically appropriate. This would include reviewing MAPS, confirming the prescriber if needed, assessing dose and indication, and counseling the patient on safe use and storage. This option supports beneficence and nonmaleficence because it addresses the patients pain while also ensuring safety. It also supports justice by preventing bias and fidelity by maintaining honesty in the pharmacistpatient relationship. Another option would be to refuse dispensing but remain truthful by explaining any safety concerns and contacting the prescriber or suggesting alternatives. This prioritizes safety but could delay treatment and increase patient frustration. A third option would be to follow the managers suggestion and tell the patient that we do not carry Norco. While this may seem easier in the moment, it involves dishonesty and could damage trust. It also risks making decisions based on stigma rather than evidence, which has been shown to negatively affect care for patients receiving opioid therapy.3

The most appropriate course of action, in my role as the pharmacist, would be to verify the prescription and proceed with dispensing if it is appropriate. I would feel obligated to approach the situation objectively instead of making assumptions about the patient. From a deontological perspective, I have a duty to be honest and provide appropriate care. From a utilitarian perspective, this decision balances individual pain relief with community safety by incorporating verification and counseling. The bioethical principles also support this approach: beneficence promotes pain relief, nonmaleficence ensures careful assessment, justice prevents discrimination, and autonomy respects the patients involvement in treatment decisions.1 Virtue ethics is also relevant here, as honesty, compassion, and professional responsibility should guide my actions. As a pharmacist, maintaining trust with patients is essential, and lying would undermine that trust.

There are still potential objections to this decision. One concern is the possibility of opioid misuse, which reflects the conflict between patient access and public safety. However, proper verification, counseling, and documentation help reduce this risk. Another concern is pressure from the manager or workflow challenges, but my ethical responsibility to the patient must come first. A third concern is legal liability, but making a well-documented, clinically sound decision protects both the patient and myself. Finally, assuming the patient is drug-seeking based only on behavior or appearance represents faulty reasoning and stigma rather than evidence-based decision-making.3 Recognizing these objections helps strengthen the ethical reasoning behind the decision.

This case shows how complex ethical decision-making can be in pharmacy practice. As pharmacists, we constantly balance patient care, safety, legal expectations, and professional values. In this situation, verifying the prescription and dispensing if appropriate allows me to support the patient while still maintaining safety and professional integrity. It also reinforces fairness and trust, which are essential in the pharmacistpatient relationship. Ultimately, ethical decision-making in pharmacy requires careful thought, clinical judgment, and a commitment to patient-centered care.

References

1. Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 8th ed. Oxford University Press; 2019.
2. American Pharmacists Association. Code of Ethics for Pharmacists. American Pharmacists Association; 1994.
3. Cernasev A, Hohmeier KC, Frederick K, Jasmin H, Gatwood J. A systematic review of pharmacy-related stigma toward patients receiving opioid therapy. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(12):6231. doi:10.3390/ijerph18126231

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