Ques1 Choose one of the two questions. Your answer can be written within one paragraph (6-8 sentences). Please indicate if you are answering option 1 or option 2 before you begin your answer.
Option 1: What is paternalism? How does Gerard Dworkins critique of the harm principle support a justification for paternalism in medical ethics? Provide an example in your response.
Option 2: Define clinical equipoise, and explain how this may be compromised in clinical trials in cases in which one is receiving compensation (instead of reimbursement) for participating in research trials.Read each case below. Select one case study and then, answer the five subsequent questions (six to eight sentences per question). Please indicate if you are answering case option 1 or case option 2 before you begin your first answer.
Ques2
Case Option 1:
A healthcare worker at a Toronto hospital refused to receive the COVID-19 vaccine after the hospital introduced a mandatory vaccination policy for staff with patient-facing roles. The policy was implemented to reduce the risk of transmission of COVID-19 and to protect vulnerable patients, including those who are immunocompromised.
The staff member stated that they did not believe the COVID-19 vaccine was safe or effective. They expressed concern that the vaccine had been developed too quickly with insufficiently testing. However, the staff member said that they had previously contracted COVID-19 and recovered so they have natural immunity. The hospital stated that the vaccination of healthcare staff was necessary to minimize potential harm to patients and other staff members and a refusal to comply with the policy could result in unpaid leave. The staff member countered this saying that they had complied with all other infection-control measures, including wearing a mask and testing, claiming this was sufficient.
Case Option 2:
A Canadian hospital uses an artificial intelligence (AI) clinical decision tool to estimate patients risk of chronic kidney disease progression. The tool helps clinicians decide when to refer patients to a nephrologist and when to initiate certain treatments in response to their kidney function and disease progression. The algorithm calculates risk using various factors including age, sex, race, and blood test results; however, not all physicians are clear on how the AI calculates the risk associated with these inputs as results vary.
The hospital administration outlines that the tool reflects clinical practices and improves efficiency in care. They note that clinicians are not required to follow the AIs recommendation. Without the AI tool, these clinical decisions would revert to clinician-led practices, a key disadvantage of this being potentially greater inconsistencies due to clinical judgement and delayed care for patients due to a lack of time and resources for physicians to calculate these potential risks.
Ans the question with case study
What is the ethical issue(s) at stake in the case you have selected? Explain.
Explain how each of the 4 core principles of bioethics apply to the case you have selected.
How would a utilitarian, following either Bentham or Mill, assess this case?
Discuss whether respect for autonomy should be treated as a prima facie or an absolute moral principle in this case. Drawing on at least one philosophical account of autonomy (e.g., soft vs. hard paternalism).
Why would reasonable people disagree about this case?
Requirements: 1 Page
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