biology question

) Describe in detail the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway activated by double-strand breaks.

Include the roles of ATM, ATR, p53, BRCA1/2, and CHK1/CHK2.

b) Compare and contrast homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) with respect to:

Molecular mechanisms

Cell-cycle phase specificity

Fidelity and biological consequences

c) Explain how defects in DNA repair pathways contribute to genomic instability and cancer, using two named human disorders as examples.

d) A human cell line exposed to ionizing radiation shows normal activation of p53 but fails to arrest at the G/M checkpoint.

Propose two molecular explanations for this observation and justify your reasoning.

e) Design an experimental approach to determine whether a novel protein is involved in the DNA damage response.

Include:

The technique(s) used

Appropriate controls

Expected results if the protein is involved in DDR

Requirements: | .doc file

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